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Bash is a language that is quite useful for automation no matter what language you write in. Bash can do so many powerful system-level tasks. Even if you are on windows these days you are likely to come across bash inside a cloud VM, Continuous Integration, or even inside of docker.
I have three techniques that help me write more composable bash scripts.
Functions
Break scripts down into reusable components
Functions in bash are quite simple. They are something that I wish I would have started using long ago. They make your code much more reusable. I often use them in my aliases as well since they can simplify the process and allow more flexibility.
syntax
#!/bin/sh # hello_world hello_world () { echo "hello world" }
Source the file to load the function and run it from the terminal.
run it
source hello_world hello_world
outputs
hello world
Arguments
Make functions a little more flexible
Arguments and options are quite a bit more complex in bash. For now, we will focus on the basics which are not all that bad.
positional arguments
easiest and most common to use
Positional arguments can be pulled out quite easily using $1 for the first
one, $2 for the second, and so on.
note $0 is the command that was called. You will see this often used to
find the command called to open up your current shell.
syntax
#!/bin/sh # hello hello () { echo "hello $1"
run it
source hello hello Waylon
Now we have a function that accepts positional arguments and we can call it by passing things into it.
outputs
hello Waylon
More than one argument would be ignored since we are only looking at $1.
run it
source hello hello Waylon Walker
outputs
hello Waylon
Just the same as before since we do not use the second argument.
All Arguments
Bash has another special variable $@ that stores all arguments in one.
syntax
#!/bin/sh # hello hello () { echo "hello $@" }
Just the same as before.
run it
source hello hello Waylon Walker
Now the function will output all arguments that are passed into it since we are using the $@ variable.
outputs
hello Waylon Walker
Error Handling
Super powers in a single line
The easiest and most common way to handle an error in bash is through the use
of the logical operators && (and) and || (or).
Here I have a concrete example from earlier today. I was creating a bash script to run a python script from cron. The bash script is there to make sure that we have the python environment, activate it, and run. If it doesn't have it, it should create it.
# creates the conda environment create_env() { conda create -n "$1" python=3.8 conda activate "$1" pip install -r requirements.txt } # checks if the conda environment exists env_exists() { conda info --envs | awk '{print $1}' | tail -n +3 | grep -w "$1" > /dev/null } # creates the conda environment if it doesn't exist create_if () { env_exists "$1" && echo "environment exists" || create_env "$1" } create_if my_env
If we look at the create_if function, it will check if the environment exists
if there is a passing status code 0, then it will run echo "environment exists" otherwise it will run create_env $1.
note Inside of env_exists grep will look for whole words if there is a
match it will give a status code 0 if it finds a match and not 0 if there is no
match.
main script
_if __name__ == " __main__"_
The last thing I want to discuss is making a bash script both runnable and
sourceable. This makes it so that you can source filename.sh and run each
function individually, or bash filename.sh to run the script. This is a
similar concept to if __name__ == " __main__" from python.
I did try this from bash and zsh with success. The following is an example that would pass all arguments into a main function.
syntax
if [["${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" == "${0}" ]]; then main "$@" fi
Extending the example above that created a python example if necessary we can create the env if necessary, activate the environment, and run the script.
syntax
if [["${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" == "${0}" ]]; then create_if my_env conda activate my_env python script.py fi
Using this syntax to run our "main" functions will allow us to both runs the script or source the script to utilize the functions that we created.